...;27  for R. Nahman said:28  [If] land was collected [for the debt, the firstborn] has no [double portion],29  [if] money was collected he has [it],30  but Rabbah said: [If] money was collected he has no [double portion],31  [if] land was collected, he has.32 Abaye said to Rabbah: Following33  you there is a difficulty; following33  R. Nahman there is a difficulty...

... possession. Rashb. preserves a better reading: 'If the Rabbis maintain that a natural appreciation,' likewise with reference to undeveloped dates. Where the money is not in his possession. Or, where the increase is not natural. Because, as has been assumed, even Rabbi agrees that the firstborns does not take a double portion in a loan. Of Samuel. While the statement about the inheritance of a bond of...

... view as R. Nahman, who was also of Nehardea, that a debt is regarded as being in the possession of the creditor. This is the order adopted by Rashb. Because the bequest was money and not land. V. u. 1, supra. Since a loan is made to be spent, the money that is collected for the debt is not the original that was lent, but other money which was never in the creditor's possession. Lands are regarded as...

... are necessary. But how could such a situation arise in the case of a bought article? One could surely ascertain from the seller as to which of the two paid him the money? — The case is one in which the seller took money from the two purchasers, willingly from one, and unwillingly, from the other, and we do not know from whom he took it willingly and from whom unwillingly.3 Shall it be said...

... perjury. But in our Mishnah it may well be assumed that no perjury will be committed [even if both parties swear], for it is possible that both of them picked up the garment simultaneously.5 Again, shall it be said that our Mishnah is not in agreement with the view of Symmachus? For does not Symmachus, [in another case,]6  maintain that disputed money of doubtful ownership should be divided among...

... different view. But then again, can we not infer by means of a Kal wa-homer10  [that Symmachus would disagree with our Mishnah]? For if even in the case where the party entitled to the verdict loses money by being awarded only half of the disputed amount, - To Next Folio - Original footnotes renumbered. See Structure of the Talmud Files The oath would then act as a deterrent, as even if he did not...

... hesitate to put forward a wrong claim he would not be ready to commit perjury. Apart from the loss of the money paid, there is the loss of the garment which the man who went to the trouble of buying it evidently needed for his own use. The evidence of the seller, even if available, would not be trusted in such a case, as he is not likely to remember, after the two have left, from whom he took the money...

...?" he said, "Unless I forget the whole world, and my family...." His family was a big family. His father was one of the richest men in Bengal, his grandfather was even richer. The British government had given them the title of rajah, the king, although they were not kings. But they had so much land and so much property and so much money that they were equivalent to any king; they had...

... said, "You don't understand. I have found this new cigarette, just introduced on the market. And the cigarette that I was smoking was costing double. Now with this cigarette you smoke one cigarette, and you save so much money; you smoke two cigarettes and you save so much money again. The more you smoke, the more money is saved! And I am going to smoke them because everybody has been torturing...

... me, saying, 'You don't earn.' Now you will see how much money is saved." The wife thought, "Your economics...!" She informed his friend Engels, and called him to come immediately. "Your friend seems to have gone completely mad, because this stupid thing even I can understand. How will money be saved? But he does not listen and he is just in his room smoking two cigarettes...

... together, to save money!" Engels came, took the cigarettes from his mouth and said, "Are you mad? What are you doing?" He said, "I am just trying to do something so that I need not depend on you: saving money." It was so difficult to explain to him, "Nothing will be saved, you will simply kill yourself. Yes, in figures it looks as if you smoke one cigarette and half the...

... money is saved, but in actuality there is no money saved. And just to save that money you will be smoking double, treble, four times the number of cigarettes. So in fact you will be wasting more money than you were wasting before. And money is not the question," Engels said, "I take care of it. You need not be worried about it." He was a millionaire, owned factories, and he loved Karl...

....... The whole first group was of Russians. That too is symbolic, because the whole of Russia was turning into a dictatorship. Although these people had escaped, they had the same type of conditioning and the same kind of mind. And they had not escaped from dictatorship, they had escaped because they had enough money. And that was the trouble - that it would be distributed. So with all their money they...

... play his guitar. He was thought to be sabotaging the system. He was thrown out. So all creativity was being destroyed. The commune had become just a money-creating mechanism, and the sannyasins were being used just as slaves. It was difficult for me. I had tried it - to make those people understand that this was not the reason why the communes were brought about. I had tried to explain what my idea...

... of the commune was, and said that this was not what was happening: "You may be earning money, you may be having houses, you may be making roads - but that is not going to lead people to enlightenment. Those roads don't go to enlightenment! "People's whole energy is being involved in it, and you have almost created a system which is cheating them. You are telling them, 'Work is worship, so...

... you don't need any other meditation. The work is your meditation.'" And the people thought this must be my direction. It was not. When I failed completely to convince those people to change.... They could not change because they had no interest in meditation. They had an interest in having a big empire in the world, having big money, having great power. They did not want me to speak again. That...

... problems. Finance is one of the problems, because many sannyasins who join the commune have not contributed any money to the commune. Then the commune has to work more because they have to be fed, and they have to be clothed, and they have to be housed. And if you start... the bigger the commune, the more the problems will be - which are unnecessary. You will be in conflict with society. The politicians...

... will become afraid of you, that you are so numerous that you can be dangerous to them. Then other religions may start feeling afraid of you, and they may start creating trouble, with cases in the courts - baseless, but they will waste time, they will waste money. And they will finally get you involved in such situations that you don't have any time to play your guitar, sing a song, or just sit...

... difficult for them, that for four years many of them had not come to me. They wanted to come but in the commune they didn't have money in their hands, they didn't earn. The money was centralized in the commune - and the commune had its own needs. The commune does not have a preference for your need to go and be with me for two months - and it cannot afford it either. And you are working twice the amount...

... of time you have ever worked; and you are without any money. You are left with no time of your own; and you have got into so many troubles - financial, legal, social, political - that it is just wasting your life. So if some commune is going successfully, and the people who are there are absolutely happy and contented, it is good. If some commune is going into bankruptcy and still they are pulling...

... had no decisiveness about anything. Either renounce everything... but what is the point of living in a palace and wearing rags? having all his money in a bank account and never using it because he has to live like a poor man? So he was torturing himself, he was being tortured by the wife, he was being taunted by everybody - and he belonged to the highest strata of the society. Even the czar, the...

... should not be presented in a wrong way - which is possible. Because if they are just earning money, who cares whether the translation is right or wrong? I informed the woman, "You send..." Because we don't even know: it may be happening in other countries. There are many countries which are not under the copyright convention. But we can help them, we can suggest to them, "We don't want...

... any money from you, any royalty from you, but we would like you to represent every book exactly, without any distortion." And in many countries we will have to take publication into our own hands. For example, it happened in England that one of the presses had published eight or ten books. We came to know later on that it was a Christian press, but to us it was not a problem. To them it became...

... beautiful name of spiritual slavery. A man who is attached to money is a slave. I used to know a man... I have never come across another of the same quality of attachment. He was so money mad that even if you had a one hundred rupee note, he would say, "Just let me touch it." And he would touch it as if he was touching his beloved, with such romance. It was impossible to give him money and to...

... get it back. I inquired about him from all the people who knew him. They said, "He has never returned anybody's money. And people feel full of pity. Nobody is angry about it. They just think he is insane, obsessed with money." Walking on the street on a fullmoon night, he suddenly picked up something and then threw it away and said, "If I meet this man I will kill him. The son of a...

... in the bathroom. He always avoided one old woman in particular. And I had to tell her, "He is not here." But one day I said to her, "What is the matter? Whenever you come you never find him here." She said, "There is nothing the matter. He is afraid of me because he owes me money. And naturally, I will purchase things and I will tell him, 'Deduct it from the money you owe...

... never deceived that woman that you are not in the shop. You owe money to her?" He said, "I owe money to everybody. In this whole area, nobody can say that I don't owe money to them. But you know me; I cannot return money once I get it. It is almost like a heart attack to give the money back." It is verging on insanity. All attachments although different in degree, are a kind of putting...

... yourself down and making something so important that people are ready to die for money; people are ready to die for power. People are ready to do anything to fulfill their ambition. All these attachments destroy your worthiness. They take away all that is beautiful and valuable in you. You become smaller than the things you are attached to and infatuated with. A man who has no attachment has tremendous...

...; They differ on [the question whether] a bond [may] be written for a borrower though the creditor be not with him. Our Tanna40  holds [that] a bond may be written for a borrower although the creditor be not with him. [Consequently it may] sometimes [happen] that one41  would go to a scribe and witnesses and tell them, 'Write for me a bond because I intend borrowing [money] from my friend...

... MISHNAH. IF A MAN LENDS MONEY TO ANOTHER ON A GUARANTOR'S SECURITY,69  HE MUST NOT EXACT PAYMENT FROM THE GUARANTOR.70 To Part b Original footnotes renumbered. See Structure of the Talmud Files Because it is possible that one of them lost the bond and the other, who presents it at court, accidentally found it. Since, as has been said, loss of the bond is not suspected. That between the Baraitha and...

... acquired by delivery, the holder of the bond is legally entitled to the loan. The Tanna of the Baraitha. The debtor can consequently refuse payment of the bond, pleading that he does not owe the money to the holder of the bond but to the other Joseph; while to the other he can refuse payment on the ground that he has no bond to prove his claim. The authors of the Baraitha under discussion and of our...

... taught [elsewhere]: If [a man] lends [money] to another on a guarantor's security, [payment] shall not be demanded [from the] guarantor [in the] first instance. If, however, [the creditor] said, 'On condition that I may exact payment from whom I will' the guarantor may be called upon first.14 Said R. Huna: Whence [may it be deduced] that a guarantor becomes responsible [for a debt he has guaranteed]?15...

... hand of thy neighbour; go, humble thyself, and urge thy neighbour.25  If he has [a claim of] money upon you,26  open out27  for him the palm of [your] hand;28  and if not,29  get at him through many friends.30 Amemar said: [The question] whether a guarantor is responsible31  [for the payment of the debt he guaranteed, is a matter of] dispute [between] R. Judah and R...

... the proper reading is as follows:43  IF [A MAN] LENDS [MONEY] TO ANOTHER ON A GUARANTOR'S SECURITY HE [MUST] NOT EXACT PAYMENT FROM THE GUARANTOR. IF, HOWEVER, HE SAID 'ON THE CONDITION THAT I MAY EXACT PAYMENT FROM WHOM I WILL', PAYMENT MAY BE EXACTED FROM THE GUARANTOR. This law applies only to the case44  where the debtor has no property, but where the debtor has property, payment from...

... divorce, and the husband having no money, the woman would be enabled to exact the amount of her kethubah from the guarantor. And divide the spoil with her. Why payment may not be exacted from the guarantor. At present it is assumed that so long as the borrower is alive and did not abscond the guarantor cannot be called upon to pay. The debtor; i.e., the creditor has, so to speak, put the debtor in...

...' implies unconditional responsibility. Ibid. XLII, 37. [Although this was said by Reuben, it is unlikely that Judah's guarantee involved less responsibility than that of Reuben's which Jacob had rejected (Maharsha).] V. supra, n. 3. By mere verbal undertaking, since no legal agreement is mentioned. Prov. XX, 16. In money matters. By insulting or calumniating. Ibid. VI. 1-3. Lit., 'in thy hand'. Lit...

......? It is perversion! It is... Love has gone into a very poisoned and ill state of affairs. It is pathological. It is uncivilised, uncultured. But this goes on happening. And these people are against materialism. But don't just listen to their words, watch their life and you will find them more materialistic than anybody else. Indians are so obsessed with money: money seems to be their god. No other...

... country worships money; in India it is worshipped. They have a special day in the year when they worship notes and rupees - that day is coming closer - Diwali. No country in the world has ever worshipped rupees and money, yet they worship. And this is not just symbolic, this is very indicative. They cling to money like anything. It is very difficult for them to be non-greedy, to leave a single paise is...

... impossible. And that's why if somebody renounces a little bit of money, he is thought to be a great man. That too is materialism. Why? If somebody has renounced money, what is the point in it? Why should he be praised? But he is praised like anything, the whole country will talk about him! He will be thought to be a great man - he has renounced money! Then money must be the greatest value. One becomes...

... great if one renounces money. If people were really spiritual, renouncing money would be that somebody has renounced his mistake, that's all. There is nothing great in it. Somebody has found that money is valueless, so he has renounced it. But there is nothing to be praised in it; he has corrected his error. He was thinking that two and two are five, now he has come to understand that two and two are...

... four. You don't go declaring that he has become a Buddha because now he knows two and two are four. Before, he was stupid; now he is normal. But in India, it is worshipped if you renounce money, because the people know how much they are clinging to money. And you call India the heart of spiritualism? This is what Indians have been teaching the whole world. Don't be deceived - this is just advertising...

.... They go on claiming all over the world that they are the heart, that they have the greatest secrets of spirituality. And they go on exploiting in the name of spirituality. And they can deceive people, and they can deceive only because, particularly in the West, people are no more materialistic. Let me explain it. In the West there is material affluence. People have much more money, better houses...

... egos. And just because he satisfies their egos, I declare that he is not enlightened, because no enlightened man will ever satisfy anybody's ego. Because to satisfy anybody's ego, is really inimical, it is poisoning him. I say things as they are. I say it is one of the most barbarous countries - ugly, materialistic. money- oriented, sex-obsessed. And I don't deny that Buddha has been here, Mahavir...

... few people are stuck in the world - in the world also there are many powers. A politician has great power, a man who has money has great power. A few people are lost in worldly powers: those powers belong to the body level. Then a few people are lost in mental powers. Then you can have clairaudience, telepathy - things like that - mind reading. But you will be lost, you will never move beyond that...

...!" And this is what he did: he stood on the pulpit where the slaves have to stand so every buyer can see them, go around and look at them, and he shouted, "Listen, all you slaves who are here! For the first time a master is for sale. If any one of you has guts, you can purchase me. And these poor fellows, four fellows you see -- they need money. And it does not matter to me where I am. My...

... individuality cannot be destroyed." There was great silence. The whole marketplace became utterly silent, because he had said, "A master is for sale." One king who had come to look for a few slaves became interested, and he was ready to pay any price. Diogenes asked the thieves, "How much do you want? Don't be shy -- just ask it. Get the money and get lost!" They got the money...

... remain miserable. Nature has no idea of money, otherwise dollars would have been growing on the trees. Nature has no idea of money; money is a pure invention of man -- useful, but dangerous too. You see somebody with much money, and you think perhaps money brings joy: look at that person, how joyous he seems to be, so run after money. Somebody is healthier -- run after health. Somebody is doing...

... not disturb me. I am perfectly happy, perfectly content. I can't think that I could have been otherwise. In any other position I would have been miserable. I don't have a home, I don't have a place to live, I don't have any money. Still, I have something that gives me absolute contentment. I have lived according to my potential, and even if death comes it will not upset me. I have lived my way. The...

... become aware of it. But fear is the very foundation of unconscious life. All your actions arise out of it. You want money, you want power, you want prestige. What are all your ambitions, except to cover up your deep hidden fear? Perhaps money may be a security, perhaps power may make you more protected, secure, safe. Your respectability, in society, your religion, God ... all these are by-products of...

... you when you feel you are falling into an abysmal abyss. God is your concentrated fear. And there are lesser gods. Money is a lesser god - more visible, hence more people cling to money. But they don't want to take any chances, so they also go on donating to the church, just to keep a bank balance in God's bank. And here they go on clinging to the money, because in life it seems money gives a...

... there is no question of fear. Have you ever thought about it - that death is the only certainty in life? Everything else may fail. Love may fail, money - you know what is happening in America. Nothing is certain. Just a few days ago the dollar was on top, the biggest and the strongest currency in the world. It will never be again. It has gone down the drain. There is no possibility for it to rise...

... have a sneeze just in the middle of the rope. You cannot say - anything is possible. And you cannot prevent a sneeze. Money is more visible. People believe in money more than in God. They may pretend that they believe in God more, but their actual life shows something else. But the reason is the same. Whether it is money or power or prestige or God or religion, the reason is the same. You are living...

... important seat of the archbishop of Cologne. The family had gradually extended its offshoots from Cividale del Friuli, where Maruccio (Mordekhai) and Fays -- Salamone’s father and grandfather respectively -- had operated in the local money market, to Padua, where, in the mid-15th century, the same Salomone managed the bank of San Lorenzo in the city district of the same name [30]. Salomone and his...

... economic weight, whose members came mostly from Nuremberg and the adjacent areas. In 1382, a few Jews from Mestre obtained authorization to move to Venice to practice money-lending, but were expelled a few years later, in 1397, for failing to comply with the conditions under which the government of Venice had admitted them to the city [33]. Policy of refusing to grant permanent residence to Jews The...

... nation’s laws, and dissented from their religious orthodoxy, which they considered exaggerated and depressing. Sometimes, rightly or wrongly, they feared them. The Italian Jewish koinè, i.e, of distant Roman origin (Jews active in the money trade only moved from Rome to seek permanent residence in the municipalities of central and northern Italy starting in the second half of the 13th century...

... seats in the Patrimonio of San Pietro, in Umbria, in the Marca d'Ancona, in the Lazio and in Campagna to carry on the authorized money trade, i.e., regulated by permits, did not reach these regions simultaneously with the arrival in those regions of the German transalpine Jews, active in the same profession. They in fact preceded them by several decades. The first Jewish money lenders at Padua and...

... potentially hostile. Almost obsessively, the chapters of the permits repeatedly mention the exemplary punishments to be threatened to anyone causing damaging or injury to the Jews, or subjecting them to trouble or vexations. The permit granted by the municipality of Venzone to the money lender Benedetto of Regensburg in 1444 contained the condition that wet nurses and Christian personnel in the service of...

... municipalities of Lombardy and Triveneto with the Ashkenazi Jews were characterized by a constant concern that they be guaranteed the freedom to observe their religious ritual and ceremonial standards with zealous scrupulousness. The religious clauses inserted in the chapters were more detailed in this sense than those found in the contemporary permits granted to Jewish money lenders of Italian origin...

... tricks to drag them to the baptismal font. That this possibility was anything but remote seemed obvious to anyone having experienced this type of traumatic experience at first hand on the banks of the Rhine or the Main. Permits issued in Friulia, Lombardy and Veneto granted to German money lenders, as early as the end of the 14th century, explicitly prohibited friars and priests of any order from...

... distinguished and of higher rank. Italian Jews are pushed away by German Jews - Ashkenazi The chronology is relatively precise. In 1455, all Italian Jews active in the money trade were expelled from Padua and compelled to shut down their banks, while the "Teutonic" Jews, divided from, and now entirely separate from, the Italian Jews, gained the upper hand in the local money market [Padua], the most important...

... district [49]. The forced and almost simultaneous dismantling of the Jewish banks of Padua, Verona and Vicenza led, as an immediate consequence, to the almost total extinction of the Hebraic community of Roman origin, which was compelled, for the most part, to flow into the centers on the nearer side of the Po; on the other hand, however, it allowed other money lenders, from Treviso and the territories...

..., whom he sent with his own money" [58]. Even before that, we know that the Venetian authorities had been glad to avail themselves of the services of a Jewish barber-surgeon, Jacob da Gaeta, the Sultan’s personal physician, an expert spy and double agent, greedy for gain and treacherous, with whom Mavrogonato had maintained frequent contacts [59]. It also appears that Maestro Jacob had reached...

..., whose first-born son Marcuccio had married one of his brother Angelo’s daughters [66]. Manno was to meet Salomone da Piove at fairly frequent intervals at Venice, where he had more or less officially opened a money lending shop, of secondary importance compared to the great bank at Padua but still of strategic importance [67]. p. 34] [IMAGE] [Letter in Hebrew sent by the banker Manno (Mandele...

... Quattrocento, Florence, 2005, p. 106. [47] The processes and events which, in the mid-Fifteenth Century, led to the forced transfer of money lending in this zone from Italian Jews to German Jews have been studied in many precise research papers. See, among others, Braunstein, Le prêt sur gage a Padoue, cit., pp. 651- 669; G.M. Varanini, Appunti per la storia del prestito de dell'insediamento ebraico a Verona...

... the formal coverage of the banks of Piove di Sacco, Monselice and Este, the Jewish money lenders continued to operate illegally on the market at Padua, charging interest at rates over 40% ("contra Statuta nonnulli Iudei per quamdam viam indirectam fenerari incipient in civitate Padue hoc modo, videlicit quod in Padua accipiunt pignora et mutuant pecunias et postea fieri faciunt bulletinem per Iudeos...

... collateral in Padua and lend money at usury and then fabricate vouchers from Jewish money lenders at Piove or Montesselice or Este, pretending that it is those Jews who are actually lending the money in Padua, thus making a profit of forty percent or more"]. The rulers of Padua protested before the Doge of Venice, objecting to the fact that Jewish money lenders had been granted the right to operate in this...

... letters granted to the above mentioned Jews, because, being in the possession of such letters, these Jews are enabled to lend money at usury; while if they did so publicly and openly as they usually do, they would not even earn 15 percent"] ASP, Consiglio del Comune, Atti, 7., cc. Cv-6r). [50] Salomone, in 1441, when he was still called "da Cividale " and not yet "da Piove di Sacco", had set up banks at...

..., a loan of 100 ducats to Mavrogonato ("David hebreo de Candia"). The money was to be used by the Candian government to pay the captain of the galleys of Alexandria (ASV, Collegio, Notatorio, reg. 11, 68r). Venice's intention was therefore that Mavrogonato should reach Candia, a location to which he never returned -- probably for good reason -- after the first mission. [56] Salomone da Piove's plan...