Ascher Ginsberg - Ahad Ha'am (1856-1927)

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Secret Zionist Leader Ahad Ha'am

The authenticity of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion"

Preface of translator [1].

Since the "Ray of Light" [2], the Nilus' book on the Protocols of the Elders was re-printed a year and a half ago, and the Jews, and "Judaizers" to this day can not calm down, foaming at the mouth trying to prove the authenticity of deadly damaging document for the "chosen tribe "document.

In the columns of the Jewish press all the tricks of the trade of Judean struggle with the truth are used to prove that the "Protocols" were fabricated by the Russian gendarmes as a provocation.

Agitated Zhids would not even stop at trying to attribute some super-human and super-normal abilities of gendarmes to foresee and predict the events many years later since the first release of the Nilus' book.

As usual with the Jews, honest, bright, and impeccable reputation of Sergei Alexandrovich Nilus was subjected to defamation, ridicule and profanation.

Who wouldn't they use in order to defend themselves from the evidence brought forth against them by this terrible book!

Out of nowhere came some Frenchman, Du Shyla, who, by his own admission did not speak Russian, at the beginning of the nine hundredths, but describes himself as the Cossack from Don [river in Russia and a surrounding region].

Flew out of a time, long forgotten, scandalous high society chronicle declassed con woman, Princess Radziwill. In America they began to talk of some utterly unknown "famous Russian scientist," Baron Korf.

But no luck: defenders were unsuccessful in their attempts to refute the authenticity of the "Protocols" with genuine credibility, even the "Jewish Tribune, specifically tackling this task, fiercely defending themselves against the crushing blows to Zhid's lies and insinuations, appearing in the French anti-Semitic journal "La Vieille France" ("Old France").

"Jewish Tribune" bravely decided to argue with many thoughts expressed in "Old France" and tries to refute many of the articles appearing in this magazine.

But one specific article/document they do not even attempt to refute. They prefer to be silent about it. And it is my duty to inform my readers about that specific article in the Russian translation, written by F. Winberg [3] "La Vieille France", No. 218 on March 31 - April 6, 1921

From the Editor. As we promised in the latest edition of our publication, we now print a new and probably the final version of the origin of the "Protocols", delivered to us by an American expert on this issue.

That Jewish leader, pointed to by our author, is the largest, most sinister force, and yet nothing is known of him neither to our unfortunate people, nor their pathetic rulers. Our despicable press has never even uttered a word about him.

Out of the shadows, where he was deliberately hiding, the name of that leader was brought to light by "Old France", in the 205th issue of our magazine.

About the authenticity of the "Protocols". Ahad Ha'am, and Zionism. Ever since the appearance of the famous book, known as "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion", that quickly spread to all the countries, not only hints have been made, but the most categorical statements, as if the creator of the Satan's plan, described in this book, was Theodor Herzl.

For several years he was at the head of the Zionist movement and was called the founder of Zionism.

The emergence of the "Protocols" has caused great commotion among the leaders of the Jews, calling them false and fraudulent document.

Especially loud screaming was coming from Lucien Wolf and Rabbi Stephen Uayz [4].

Even then, for some it seemed strange that among all the general squealing there wasn't a single vote risen in defense of Herzl against the cocked up charges that he was the one who drafted the "Protocols."

Especially surprising was to see such close friends of Herzl as Max Nordau, and as Professor Richard Gotheyl were silent.

From the text below, the reader will have a chance to see that although the "Protocols" are indeed of Jewish origin, they can not be possibly attributed to the authorship of Herzl.

Of the subsequent reader will see that although the "Protocols" and indeed of Jewish origin, but can not be attributed to the authorship of Herzl.

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I. Authenticity

It should be clear to anyone who has carefully examined the contents of the "Protocols", that what he has before his eyes is a specific program of action, carefully and systematically worked out in the most minute detail.

In addition, the study of the "Protocols" leads us to the following conclusions:

1. The book "Protocols" is a translation from Hebrew. This view is supported by experts who studied the book.

Even more compelling evidence is the testimony of people who lived in Odessa [Ukraine] in 1890 and had seen this document, written in Hebrew, in the hands of the Jewish residents of Odessa, and even held it in their hands.

2. The "Protocols" must be the product of a man fanatically obsessed with the idea of Jewish nationalism, or more precisely, of Judaism in his nationalistic sense.

3. The author shows his exceptional talent and an outstanding mind: his work should be named as diabolically brilliant.

4. Hatred against the "Gentiles", ie against all non-Jews, in the form as it appears in the "Protocols", indicates that its author was a follower of the nationalist school, which, with the idea of Judaism, preached hatred and contempt toward non-Jews and developed a theory about the superiority of Jewish people and their predetermined dominion over the world, since the days of Moses.

If these five characteristics were applied to the personality of Herzl, then one would immediately recognize the falsity of the assumption that he could be the author of "The Protocols".

1. Herzl knew no Hebrew, and therefore he could not write "The Protocols" in the original form. [The original version was written in Hebrew]

   The fact that the document, that ended up in the hands of Nilus, was written in French, the same language it was read in by several members of [Jewish] Congress in 1897, is very simply explained by the fact that some Zionist leaders, among whom was Herzl and Max Nordau, did not know Hebrew.

2. Herzl was never a follower of Jewish nationalism, which, for centuries, was being preached by the rabbis and sages of Israel, such as, Shammai, [5], Akiva [6], S. Ben-Johan [7], Abravanel [8], Maimonides [9], [10] Mendelssohn, Moses Hess (Hess) [11].

3. Despite his brilliant mental abilities, Herzl, nevertheless, has never achieved the state of a genius.

4. In most of his life he was a Western, "assimilated" Jew, and have never professed the ruthless hatred toward non-Jews.

5. Herzl was declared as a head of the Zionist movement not earlier than the Congress in 1897, [12], and yet, all the indications show that the author of "The Protocols" presented himself as a recognized leader even then, when he wrote his work [the original version of which appeared before the Congress of 1897].

No matter how would this person try to diligently preach and put into practice the beginning of impersonality in his life, for whatever modesty (or carefulness) or trying to hide, even today, in the shadow of Herzl, it is necessary to bring him to the center stage and show him in the full light.

In the private life of this man his name is Asher Ginsberg, and among his people, the "chosen people", he is known as Ahad Ha'am, which in Hebrew means "The one among the Nation" (See "Vieille France", No. 205).

However, it would be a great mistake to draw a conclusion from all of the above, as though Asher Ginsberg is the sole creator of the ideas expressed in the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion."

He does not deserve such a credit. Here is what one of his followers says about it:

"Ahad Ha'am, is the heir of all time, of all the preceding centuries. He carefully studied the long chain of Jewish philosophy, he took numerous teachings of Judaism, developed by his predecessors, and from all the different solutions of this subject, given by them, he chose everything that looked to him worth saving and out of it all, constructed the foundation of his own teaching."

From these various sources, he drew his own base, so to speak, and synthesized and expressed in the form of his "Protocols."

In what follows, we shall get acquainted with the personality of Ahad Ha'am, and then study the evolution of the doctrine (or intellectual movement known among the Jews under the name "Ahad Ha'amism"), and finally draw a general conclusion of the achieved results of our study.

II. Asher Ginsberg

Asher Ginsberg was born in Skvyra, the province of Kiev [Russian Empire], on August 5, 1856.

His parents belonged to a Jewish sect of Hasidim, and raised him under the rules and rites of this sect.

From the Jewish Encyclopedia and other sources we learn that Ginsberg studied Talmud at the local Cheder (Jewish school). At the age of eight, secretly from his parents, he learned to read in Russian and German along with several of his peers.

In 1868 the Ginsberg family moved to Gopisgitsa, where his father won a seat of tax agent. The entire family has lived in this village until 1886.

Asher Ginsberg continued to study, and, besides the Talmud, he also studied the most important branches of general knowledge, as well as literature.

He became so strong and competent in the specialized knowledge of rabbinical "scholarship" that the neighborhood rabbis came to him for advice.

Ginsberg marries a granddaughter of Menachem Mendel Schneerson

When he was seventeen years old he married a granddaughter of Menachem Mendel, the famous rabbi of Lubavitch. [AKA Menachem Mendel Schneerson known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe, or Moshiah (Jewish Messiah)]

In 1878 he traveled to Odessa, where everything he had seen, has impressed him a lot. He decided to devote a few years of his life traveling and studying the various sciences.

He engaged in particularly diligent study of Latin, mathematics, history and geography.

During the period from 1882 to 1884's, he visited Vienna, Berlin, Breslau, and studied the of French, German, English and Russian philosophers, and with a particular zeal the great thinkers of the Jews.

In Vienna, he met with Karl Netter, founder of the "World Union of Israel" ("Alliance Israelite Universelle"). Here he became highly interested in the plans of the "Union" of Jewish colonization.

At the same time he officially joined the membership of Kagan, which at the time consisted of the following organizations: "The World Israeli Union", "Anglo-Jewish Association", "B'nai B'rith", American and German, and "Hovevei Zion." The latter organization was very weak at that time.

Nothing gave a reason to suppose that the young "initiate", that came close to the highest center of Jewish power, will later on become the head and the Arbiter of this terrible Kagan, under whose decrees, throughout the world, will spread the most terrible disasters, and who will subordinate to his will and his strength, all the guns of action and power available to the Jewish conspiracy.

In 1884 Ginsberg, returned to Russia and then came to Odessa. This city was then the center of "Union Hovevei Zion", which means "Friends of Zion." At the head of the organization, as its chairman, stood Leon Pinsker.

Ginsberg was highly interested in it, and joined the Union. Soon he became the Pinsker's right hand and one of the most active leaders of the movement.

In 1886 Ginsberg finally settles in Odessa

In 1886, he finally settled in Odessa, and since then has devoted its energy to the development of the Jewish question.

[Note: there are numerous reports and testimonies stating that "The Protocols" first appeared in Odessa, well before the 1st Congress. And they were seen in the original version, in Hebrew.]

He wrote in Hebrew.

His letter sent to a well-known Jewish scholar Finn on his seventieth birthday, drew total attention toward him.

While Ginsberg was a friend of Leon Pinsker, head of "Hovevei Zion", he did not approve of the methods and techniques which were used by the organization in their concerns about improving the situation of the Jews.

His irritation grew more and more, and "soon Ginsberg became known as the Apostle of God's Wrath" - so says about him Tsold.

Tactics employed by "Hovevei Zion", appeared to him not sufficiently strong and effective, and insulted his nationalist impulses.

Therefore, as soon as he gathered a certain number of followers among the educated, but poor Jews, he began to indoctrinate them with his aggressive, rebellious feelings.

In 1889 the founder of Jewish newspaper "Hamelits" Alexander Tsederbaum came to Odessa. He met with Ginsberg, evaluated his potential and understood his potential to become an outstanding writer, writing in Hebrew, and so he invited him to participate in his newspaper.

Initially Ginsberg refused an offer, but then took his refusal back after his supporters during an entire night (winter 1889) urged him to accept the invitation to enter the arena of journalism.

They were trying to prove to him that all his works will remain futile efforts until his grievances and appeal to active combat, is widely distributed throughout, because, by their very nature, his thoughts must become widely popular and become accepted by the masses in order to become a real engine of these masses.

"This is the wrong way" produces a sensation

Leaning on the arguments of his friends, the next day Asher Ginsberg passed Tsederbaum his article entitled "Lo Zo Hadereh ("This is the wrong way"). The article was immediately published in the "Hamelits" and produced a sensation among the Jews.

It was signed by the name of Ahad Ha'am.

Ginsberg, in his article proved a failure of methods used by "Hovevei Zion" and other organizations to solve the Jewish problem. In his view, their main drawback is the absence of the communist spirit and in preference, given to the idea of individualism.

As a means of combating the suffering of oppressed Jews, these organizations have put forward the basis of Jewish colonies in Palestine. But Ginsberg argued that this tool may not contribute to the revival and strengthening of Jewish nationalism, without which the idea of Judaism can not exist.

Ginsberg founds a secret society "Bne Moshe"

Soon after, Asher Ginsberg founded a secret society "Bne Moshe" ("Sons of Moses").

Much of his theory was expressed in the statutes of this society, whose charter will be examined in detail below, which provides an overview of the whole teaching of Ginsberg and evolution of Zionism.

In 1890, Asher Ginsberg became the director of the Hebrew newspaper "Keveret.

Zionists have attached great importance to Ginsberg's travel to Palestine and believe that in the history of Zionism, they define the individual stages of the entire movement: The years of 1891-1893-1900-1912.

After each trip followed the Ginsberg's critical articles devoted to the impressions rendered by such visits. General collection of his works was published in 1895, under the title "The Crossroads".

In 1896, Ginsberg became one of the directors of the Jewish community edition "Ahiazafa" in Warsaw.

During the same year he received a large grant from K. Wissotzky, [13] from Moscow, and founded the monthly journal "Ha Shiloah", which lasted until the very beginning of the war.

Ginsberg takes part in the First Zionist Congress

In response to Herzl's appeal, Ginsberg and his followers took part in the First Zionist Congress held in Basel in 1897.

When the intentions and plans of Western European leaders of Zionism were presented at this Congress, Ginsberg completely parted with their ideology and tactics, and since then has become their most definite opponent.

The official Zionism existing at the time, was nicknamed by him "political Zionism" or "Herzlism. His own brand of Zionism he called "spiritual" or "practical" or even "cultural", and has placed it in a position clearly and completely oppositional to "Herzlism".

This Zionism is known as "Ahad Ha'amism".

Both of these are the opposing camps, representing two different ways of understanding of the tactics to be followed in order to take possession of Palestine and affirmation of Jewish rule over the world, which, as we know, has always been the cherished Jewish dream.

The difference of understanding of their immediate objectives in both parties has caused a fierce hostility toward each other.

The "Political Zionism" of Herzl was the executive body of the independent Order of "B'nai B'rith", and grouped around itself all the Jews in Western Europe and America.

"Practical Zionism" of Ahad Ha'am, gathered under its banner the Jews in Eastern Europe and the "Order of Hovevei Zion."

Herzl's party sought to obtain the Palestine, or, in the worst case, some other territory, that would belong exclusively to the Jews as a refuge and assurance in case of their departure from countries where they believed they were oppressed.

Herzl did attempt to acquire Palestine either by buying it from the Turkish Sultan, or through influence of one of the great European powers, that would use its authority to persuade the Sultan to the transference of Palestine to the Jews.

Comparatively it does not represent any great difficulty to trace all the activities of the unfortunate Herzl through a long series of his diplomatic adventures and con acts, when he negotiated it with either Turkish Sultan, or the German emperor Wilhelm II, then with the British government, then with the Khedive of Egypt, constantly striving to implement his dream of possessing Palestine, that very promised land, which since 1860, Moses Hess (Hess) has dreamt to get in Jewish possession, with the support of France.

No less than Herzl, Ginsberg also wanted Palestine, but he was not satisfied with any other territory, for only in Palestine, he fancied it possible to create the Jewish center. But even more than the acquisition of the Jewish autonomous territory, he wished that among the Jews who lived "in exile", there would be a revival of Judaism in their national spirit.

He agreed to postpone for a while the return of Jews to Palestine, only to have people brought up in the proper sense, so that they would feel in heart and soul a desire to create their own, independent state, and such a state of mind of the people will only be possible when every Jew is deeply aware of their affiliation to a separate nation.

In 1884, the Independent Order of "B'nai B'rith" has made the first attempt at combining Western and Eastern Jews.

It happened in Kattovitsa, during a general meeting. No agreement between the two groups did take place: Eastern Jews "Hovevei-Zion", led by Leon Pinsker, Lilienblum and others, all the while kept to themselves.

The same thing happened at the Basel Congress in 1897.

Under the guidance of Ginsberg, Eastern Jews have always formed a separate camp, opposed to theories and to the manner of Herzl's actions, and totally independently of him carried out their own plans for Jewish colonization in Palestine.

Fierce argumentation took place between the leaders of both parties. Ginsberg showed particular intransigence and showed a passionate hostility to his party opponent. He never missed a suitable opportunity, to criticize not only actions but also journalistic articles and literary works of Herzl.

His hostility manifested especially sharply in 1902, after the appearance of Herzl's novel "Altneuland".

Ginsberg could not forgive Herzl the fact that the latter did not agree with his views and did not approve of his proposed plan of action outlined in the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion."

So he violently utilized the appearance in print of the novel "Altneuland" and cruelly ridiculed him in his journal "Ha Shiola" in the January issue of 1903.

Max Nordau objected Ginsberg and his position.

We consider it necessary to cite here a part of Nordau's article, the very part where the author makes an allusion to the "Protocols", ie, the document that raised so much heated debate and controversy today.

Nordau calls Ginsberg a "servant of intolerance"

Nordau, calling Ginsberg a "servant of intolerance", continues as follows:

So spoke Max Nordau in 1903 and these were the differing points of view. On the one hand, the Western Jews, grouped around the Union, "B'nai B'rith", and with another - the Eastern Jews, being led by Ginsberg. Since 1897 the intrigues and the whole activity of Ahad Ha'am, take a very active and decisive nature, of which we will speak about in more detail in the next part of this essay examining the ways to apply the teachings of Ginsberg to life.

After living for some time in Warsaw, he moved to England where he lived under the guise of supposedly representative of the Firm Wissotzky, a Jew, a large Moscow tea merchant.

In 1911, Ginsberg participated in the Zionist Congress for the second time, and this time he was quite satisfied with the results of its meetings.

Ginsberg's theory of Zionism triumphs

It is not surprising, for his theory of Zionism triumphed over all the other ideas: it has penetrated into all the Zionist "B'nai B'rith" and gave its author a complete triumph; any resistance by his opponents were paralyzed by an overwhelming majority vote of its adherents.

Herzl's death that took place back in 1904, has opened a wide field for Ginsberg to make an impact on the minds of his fellow tribesmen.

Was this accidental death or was a major enemy of Ginsberg sacrificed in the name of ideas of "The Secret Zionism"?

No definite answer can be given on this question for as long as Herzl's death remains a mystery.

The idea of "Political Zionism" is totally defeated

In 1911, Wolfson [14] made a last-ditch effort to rescue the idea of "Political Zionism", but was defeated: in 1913 the eastern "practical Zionism" and with its creator, Asher Ginsberg, celebrated their victory on all fronts. From that moment Ginsberg's work started to quickly move forward: with exceptional energy and determination his program was being implemented the way he conceived it twenty years earlier, in the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion."

The results achieved by the Zionism as a result of such a change of tactics, we will examine in another work.

Here, we restrict ourselves to enumeration of these results, what were:

World War II, general demoralization, Bolshevism, the efforts of the Jews in the governments of all countries to seize power and assert domination, the overall control of Freemasonry over the whole policy of peace, the opportunity to complete indiscriminate use of any means to achieve their goals ...

Currently, [15] Ahad Ha'am, a Jewish prophet, and a ferocious enemy of the rest of humanity, lives modestly in the suburbs of London and from there directs the actions of his closest followers and employees, which he named "priests".

To these faithful and obedient agents he gives instructions to perform his satanic commandments: he himself, in his essay entitled "Moses," identified and explained their role and their political and social significance.

(To be completed)

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[1] The following text with minor corrections was printed in our brochure on "Ahad-Ham (Asher Ginsberg). Judean Secret Leader (translated from French)., Berlin, 1922.

[2] "Luch Svіta" [The Light beam] - Yearbook, issued in Berlin, by the Russian military officers, "white" emigrants P. N. SHABELSKY Bourque and F. B. Vinberg.

The third edition of the Yearbook (May 1920) contained the full text of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ", published by S. A. Nilus in 1911.

[3] Winberg Feodor Victorovitch - Born in Kiev in 1871 in the family division artillery commander.

Subsequently, also became an military officer and was promoted to colonel of the Imperial Guard.

He served in the regiment, as a honorary colonel of whose was the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.

In 1918, for participation in the activities of the Union of the Archangel Michael and the counter-revolutionary work V. F. Winberg was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, from where he soon escaped.

Arriving in Ukraine, he joined as a promoter of the White Movement.

When the German troops left the Ukraine in late 1918, German authorities have provided the train for all the Russian officers who wanted to escape from the advancing red army forces.

Winberg took the opportunity and went to Germany.

Staying in Berlin, he began working in the Russian Yearbook "Ray of Light" and the first translation "the Protocols of the Elders of Zion" in German.

According to his German colleague, army captain L. Mueller, Winberg activities in Germany "became the starting point in the crusade against the Judeo-Masonic danger."

Colonel Feodor Winberg died in 1927 in France, and a special obituary in the International Journal of Secret Societies was dedicated to this event.

[4] Stephen Wise - President of the Zionist "American Jewish Congress".

[5] Shammai - the chief judge in the Jerusalem council in 30 BC. The founder of Talmudic religious school of Beit Shammai.

[6] Akiva Joseph - one of the famous Jewish teachers, I-II century AD. Achieved the highest degree of rabbinical scholarship and became the head of a religious school in the south of Palestine, the number of students of whom reached 24.000.

Was one of the organizers and participants of the anti-Roman rebellion against the Emperor Hadrian.

All of his students also took part in an armed struggle with Rome.

In suppressing the revolt and capture of the fortress city of Betar in 122, was executed by the Romans.

[7] Ben-Shimon, Johan - Jewish judge in the II century AD, a disciple of Akiba.

Notable for his extreme position in religious matters.

[8] Don Isaac Abravanel (1437-1508) - a statesman in Portugal and Spain. Was a finance minister at the court of Ferdinand the Catholic.

After the edict in 1492 to expel the Jews from Spain went to Italy.

Author of many books in Hebrew and the commentaries on the Torah and the Talmud.

[9] Maimon Maimonides (1135-1204) - one of the most revered Jewish missionaries, who wrote many works including a systematic exposition of the Jewish law and the interpretation of the Talmud.

[10] Moses Mendelssohn (Moses) (1729-1786) - Jewish philosopher, who lived in Germany.

Jewish sources say that from the time of Mendelssohn's, new period of Jewish history has begun.

Author of introduction and some commentary on the Torah and other Hebrew religious books.

One of the organizers of the Order of the Illuminati.

[11] Hess (Hess), Moses (1812-1875) - Zionist and socialist activist.

Participated in the revolution in Germany in 1848.

Founder of the World Jewish National Socialist Union of the German Social-Democratic Labour Party.

A close friend and teacher of Karl Marx.

[12] First Zionist Congress was held in August 1897 in the Swiss city of Basel on the initiative of the Austrian journalist Theodor Herzl (Binyamin Ze'ev).

The Congress was attended by 197 delegates from 17 countries that formed the core of the actual organizational structure of international Zionism - World Zionist Organization (WZO), which was headed by Herzl himself.

[13] K. Wissotzky - Jewish businessman who controlled one third of the tea exports to Russia.

Was one of the first members of Hovevei Zion "and Ahad Ha'am patron.

In each box of tea imported into Russia by Vladimir Wissotzky, in order to promote embedded special Zionist literature.

Before his death in 1904, Wissotzky Zionists bequeathed 1 million rubles to Zionists.

[14] Wolfson - Herzl's successor as chairman of the WZO.

[15] These lines were written in the early 20's. Ahad Ha'am, died in 1927.

III. Sources of "Ahad Haamism" and their application to life

As was already mentioned in the previous chapter, a plan, developed in the "Protocols" is not a sole creation of thought of Ginsberg alone.

The very title, which he gave to his work - "The Protocols of the Wisemen of Zion" - points to the correctness of this assertion, because the Jews give the name "wisemen" exclusively to dead and already prominent rabbis, thinkers and philosophers of their race. So it will be extremely interesting to trace the entire list of these "Jewish sages" to choose one of those theories and doctrines which took Ginsberg to formulate their "Protocols".

From Moses, and Shammai, and Ben-Akiva Iohaya [1], he borrowed a hatred for all non Jews.

Not only he was filled with this hatred and developed it within, but he managed to indoctrinate his followers with it.

Ginsberg's attitude toward this issue is clearly expressed in the same place in the "Protocols," where he talks about "goy beasts" - as a Jewish "prophet" refers to all "infidels", all non-Jews.

As for his followers, it will suffice to mention one of his close students and aficionados, Leone Simone, who in one of his articles devoted to his teacher ("Menora", 1917), makes a comparison between the Christian ideal and the Jewish ideal.

It goes without saying that all his "comparisons" are directed much to the reproach and humiliation of Christianity.

Incidentally, the following phrase slipped from his tongue:

"Judaism could never be satisfied with the ideals that satisfy the home, domesticated beasts" ...

The main source of inspiration for Ginsberg is Moses. He worships him as his highest ideal.

No wonder he himself, this Ginsberg, was recognised as "prophet" and not only by his closest followers and disciples, but also the broad masses of the Jewish people.

In view of this, it would be of interest to familiarize with the idea, which Ginsberg himself constructed about the concept of "prophet."

When you read his article, "Moses", the impression is left as though the author's own confession was spelled out.

This article, written in 1904, was a poisoned arrow aimed at Herzl, whom the Jews at that time often called a "prophet."

Some excerpts from this work will help us understand the character of Ginsberg.

Let us present these excerpts.

This article was written at a time when the controversy between Herzl and Ginsberg flared to the utmost, and when Herzl's followers were far more numerous than the adherents of Ginsberg.

This is the cry of a fanatic, who defies the world and who is willing to commit any crime, is willing to sacrifice countless lives - only to execute his will.

In one of the writings of Leon Simon there is one place where he seems to want to add to the thought of his teacher and he says:

"The prophet wants to see the realization of his dreams, no matter what the consequences may occur from that."

Besides Moses, Ginsberg very much engaged in a detailed and penetrating study of the works of Maimonides ben Maimon (1135-1204), author of "Guidelines for doubting ones", this "second Moses", as he may be called, if we take into account the degree of reverence he enjoys among Jews.

Thoughts of this "wise man" are gathered in the article of Ginsberg, which he called "Supremacy of Reason."

With regard to some phrases and expressions, often repeated in the works of Ginsberg, such as a "Jewish soul", "Jewish nationalism", "Israeli nation" and so forth, these expressions are quite similar to those that used the Menasseh ben Yisrael [2] (1604-1657), a Jew, who had conquered England.

Ginsberg's fascination with Spinoza

Analyzing the various segments of the chain of creative search, created by Jewish thinkers, Ginsberg stopped for a long time in front of Spinoza (1632-1677).

With all his characteristic energy, he tried to pull out of this mine of philosophy all the thoughts, which can be utilized in a desirable sense to serve his fanaticism.

Spinoza expressed a thought, derived from his observations of life, that the law and power seem to him interacting factors, and that therefore the domain of individual rights coincides with the corresponding force.

Ginsberg seized upon this structure and made a dogma out of it:

Likewise, he took from Spinoza his theory of "natural lawfulness of force" that does not recognize the difference between good and evil.

From the same source he drew his vision of the future Jewish state in which the fundamental law will be the blind obedience, even in cases when it is ordered to kill their own kind or to take away their property.

The idea of a supreme law of the State controlling not only the civic activities of the people, but the entire spiritual and religious life, in other words, the idea of civil and religious despotism, outlined in the "Protocols" as a future line of conduct of clearly Jewish government - this idea is taken by Ginsberg from the theologico-political treatise by Spinoza.

It can be argued quite fairly that Ginsberg borrowed from Spinoza, everything that was needed to substantiate his teaching.

The same roots have his pantheism, which he mentions everywhere.

We have in mind to devote a special work on the analysis of "The Protocols": there, from our analysis, the reader will be able to make even more reasoned conviction that Ginsberg in his work is not an innovator, by any means.

Widely using Spinoza, Ginsberg turned to the study of his predecessors - the influential and popular Jews of the XVIII century.

Pre-eminent place among them occupied Wessel [3] (1725-1805) and Moses Mendelssohn (1728-1786), the "third Moses': they both, along with the bankers Ittsigom, [4] and Friedlander [5] and Meyer [6] were those, who inspired and organized Illuminism.

It would be be extremely appropriate to draw a parallel between the Wessel and Asher Ginsberg.

Both of them, were called prophets by their contemporary Jews.

They both understood, as well as it gets, the psychology of "human groups of different political parties and people" (See "Protocol" #2), and were able to utilise the weaknesses and shortcomings of "infidels", whom they utilize for their purpose as a weapon, or as a screen.

Just as the Wessel and Mendelssohn utilised Adam Weishaupt [7], Reimarus [8], Lessing [9], Nicolai [10], Dom [11], Mirabeau [12], and others in the same way Ginsberg nowadays has in his hands, in its full power, Lloyd George [13], Clemenceau [14], Wilson [15], Leon Bourgeois [16], Rathenau [17], and still many, many others.

Wessel and Ginsberg converge in their identical views on the general plan of action.

The surest way to conduct their business they both find the one, that leads to the full implementation of supreme control and surveillance of Freemasonry and all its branches.

Both of them achieved their goal.

Using the same methods in different periods of history, these two Jews fueled the revolution and led it: Wessel has prepared the "Great French Revolution" and saw firsthand how it has developed and operated.

Ginsberg made plans for the both of the revolutions in Russia

Ginsberg made plans for the both of the revolutions in Russia, in 1905 and 1917, and also had the opportunity to enjoy the drama he had conceived to the fullest.

To have an accurate idea of the number of thoughts borrowed by Ginsberg from Wessel, the reader should read the "Protocols" of Ginsberg and writings of both authors side by side.

Such a method would be especially necessary while studying the orders and instructions of Weishaupt, sent to his followers, directly presenting Vessel in full view.

Ginsberg also imitated Mendelssohn in regard to the Jewish movement "Husky-la", [18]; but in the further development of understanding of the Jewish question enormous difference arose between him and Mandelson is set an difference.

The role of Mendelssohn in solving the national question consisted in him promoting and facilitating the idea of the Jew being pulled out from his ghetto to become a part of a fuller life, and, having acquired education, he would be able to penetrate the intellectual circles of the German society, so he could seek the governmental and professional positions and achieve an equal social status.

Ginsberg could not agree with this point of view: such a palliative, in his opinion, could not satisfy him.

He set himself the task to apply the results of the XVIII century movements as factors in the revival and strengthening of Jewish nationalism, interestingly enough, giving his work a purely creative nature, for the cherished goal of his was the re-establishment of the Jewish people on the updated basis.

Wessel and Asher Ginsberg honored by Jews as the most progressive leaders ("Maskilim") of his time (See Jewish Encyclopedia, "Haskalah").

If we exclude the national trend the Ginsberg's Zionism, which in the XVIII century, the Jews would not dare to hint at, then all the teaching of Ginsberg, in its essence, is nothing but a splinter from the program of Wessel and Berlin School "Haskalah" ("Haskalah"), founded by Mendelssohn.

Among the other "Wise Men of Zion," which many thought Ginsberg used in constructing his theory, we should mention Abraham Geiger, Einhorn, Berneya (Bernays), Zintsa, Frankel, Sachs and Moses Hess (Hess).

From Abraham Geiger [19] (1810-1874) he took his theory of gradual evolution, which he constantly contrasted with methods of "political" Zionists.

(See conjecture of L. Baron, a professor at Columbia University, Adler, a direct student of Heiger, however, is an enthusiastic fan of Ahad Ha'am,).

Ginsberg's fanatical belief that the Jews are the "chosen people" is in full accordance with the convictions of Einhorn, sharply pronounced by him (see "Protocol" #5).

Isaac Bernays (1792-1849) gave Ginsberg the theory, which he expressed many times since, the "systematization of Judaism in accordance with a common culture", Ginsberg followed when he was painting to his followers as supremacy of the meaning of Judaism in world history.

In the "Biblical East" of Bernays, as well as in the "Protocols" of Ginsberg, the idea that only Jewish people can and should serve as a prototype and model for the entire human race is loudly proclaimed.

Frankel [20] (1801-1875) and Sax (1808-1864) gave Ahad Ha'am his passionate commitment to the Hebrew language.

As far as Moses Hess (1812-1875), to judge the extent of his influence on Ginsberg and other Zionists it would be necessary to carefully read his book "Rome and Jerusalem."

This work was the primary foundation of a Jewish nationalist movement, and was the first bold attempt to its proclamation.

To enrich his knowledge in creating a world-view Ahad Ha'am did not scorn even some non-Jewish thinkers, among whom Darwin and Nietzsche should be placed in the first places.

Although in the "Protocol" #2, Ginsberg, and they say that the theories of Darwin and Nietzsche were deliberately interpreted by Jews in such a manner, in order to make the degradation of morals and disturbance of mind among the Christians, even though he considers himself to be a follower of Darwin and spoke about it as follows:

"I can even join in this scientific heresy known as Darwinism, without it causing damage to my Judaism."

(Selections of works Ahad Ha'am, collected by Leon Simon).

"Reevaluation of Values" and "Alion" - "Super-Nation"

In his work entitled "Reevaluation of Values", in thought and style in exact likeness of "The Protocols" as applied to the Jewish people, which he calls "Alion", or "super-nation".

While studying and systematization in his mind of all the different theories, we have listed, Asher Ginsberg has begun compiling his program, which became known to us through his "Protocols", and began to look around for practical ways to bring it into action and its implementation in real life.

In the previous chapter it was said about the extreme displeasure with Ginsberg methods used by Leon Pinsker and Hovevei Zion "to resolve the Jewish problem".

It has been said about how he united around himself a small group of Jews, who founded a secret society "Bne Moshe" or "Sons of Moses."

As to "Bne Moshe", the limited size of our brief essay does not allow us to discuss the details of the formation and development of this secret society, which at first consisted of a few enthusiastic Jewish nationalists bound by oath, requiring them to blindly carry out the orders of Asher Ginsberg, their a fanatical leader.

In all probability, there was an ulterior motive for the name "Bne Moshe" ("Sons of Moses") to appear.

Its choice, on the one hand, we can explain with worshipping of prophet Moses, by Ginsberg.

On the other hand, it can be also be attributed to other motives.

For several centuries, the Jews believed that there is somewhere in an unknown place, exists a Jewish colony, an offshoot of the Jewish tribe, quite separate from the rest of their tribesmen and consisting of the direct descendants of straight line of Moses.

These "sons of Moses" ought to know the secret that opens the ways and means by which the Jews were destined to achieve the conquest of the world to their dominion.

Centuries have passed, and very often many of the Jews fell into the trap and become victims of fraud by various crooks of their own race, appearing, allegedly, with the messages from "the sons of Moses."

In the end, the existence of a mysterious tribe ceased to be believable, and the name of "Sons of Moses" has become synonymous with "Utopian".

Of course, every well-balanced mind would call those Utopians including those seven Jews, who in 1889 became members of society "Bne Moshe."

Their headquarters was in Odessa, in the house Ginsberg on Yamskaya street.

Only those, who quite successfully passed through a series of very difficult tests would become the new members of society.

These tests were designed to test the candidate in the sense that whether he is ready and able to to sacrifice everything he has, and all his personal interests to wholeheartedly and selflessly dedicate himself to the cause to the ministry of which he expressed his desire to join.

To this small group of "elite" Ginsberg outlined his plan of action in the name of the revival of Jewish nationalism, which was a starting point in his program, from which one should proceed to the implementation of the Jewish ideal, ie, to achieve world domination of the Jews.

The statutes of the society were published in 1890, but the very name of society was wisely dropped.

However, in 1905, details of the organization became known to wider circles, due to the expansion of recruitment of new members.

Among the original members of society appear the following names: Ben Avigdor, Zalman Epstein, Levin Epstein, Jacob Eisenstadt.

The latter was assigned to one of the most difficult and delicate tasks.

He was obliged to recruit new members among Russian Jews. He chose the candidates who are deemed capable to enter the kinds of society and faithfully fulfill its requirements.

Qualities, which the candidates should posses as a condition for their acceptance into society, were the following:

outstanding mental abilities;
knowledge of Hebrew language and the perception of Hebrew culture;
impeccable reputation: the energy and courage, stop at nothing.

In addition, the dedication to Jewish nationalism was supposed to supervene all activities of the candidate.

The hallmark of "Eastern" Judaism
- Foundation of "Protocols"

This was the hallmark of Eastern Judaism, which is determined by its sharp opposition to the Western Judaism, that allows even the appearance of external assimilation, and even the tendency of tolerance of Jews towards the country in which they were born.

Ginsberg wrote a summary of his theories, which became no known as the "Protocols" specifically for the members of society "Bne Moshe".

This is the same word - "Protocols" that was also used by Weishaupt, head of Illuminati.

Being closely related to the Parisian center of the "Alliance Israelite Universelle", we talked about above that in his youth he was strongly influenced by Charles Netter, one of the founders of the "Union", Ginsberg hoped that he would find support among Some of its members.

Therefore, for this "Union" was made a French translation of "The Protocols" and sent to Paris.

It is this translation that was read to a group at the First Zionist Congress in Basel, in 1897.

They had to be read in French, since among those, recognized to be worthy to read the document, the majority, including even Herzl and Nordau did not know Hebrew.

This is the document fell into the hands of friends Nilus. [21]

A number of testimonies establishes the authenticity of this fundamental item.

At the time of the Basel Congress (1897), a Jew, Alfred Nossig, an avowed Zionist, then working on the libretto for the opera Paderewski [22] "Manru", submitted in 1901, spoke about the "Protocols "to his employee.

And Paderewski immediately told this story many Poles, who, of course, found it implausible.

Alfred Nossig now resides in Berlin.

Paderewski, and at least some of his friends of 1897 are still alive.

Secretly, quietly, but quickly Society "Bne Moshe" began to evolve.

When you begin to monitor its evolution, you could not help but recall the distant days of history, when for its secret purposes of propaganda Rabbi Akiva has been making continuous trips: during his travels, he also laid an embryos and the foundation of the organization of the discontent of the Jews with Rome, broke out in the reign of Emperor Hadrian.

In a large number of cities in Russia, Romania, Poland and Galicia, Society "Bne Moshe" founded the lodge, called the "Lishkot".

Their ramifications have been distributed further, and reached Paris, Berlin, England, Warsaw, and Palestine.

In 1897, after the Basel Congress, Society of "Bne Moshe" was supposedly disbanded and closed, giving way to another organization, known as "Bne Zion", and received the legal right to exist from the Russian government (!).

This new organization was founded in Moscow, by Usyshkin, [23] a student of Asher Ginsberg.

"Bne Zion" organization grouped in itself all the different lodges of "Hovevei Zion" and "Bne Moshe", and became a powerful camp, always standing in opposition to "political Zionism" and "B'nai B'rith" of Europe and America.

"Bne Moshe" and "Bne Zion" founded a few colonies in Palestine, among which the most significant was the Rehoboth.

Through his articles that have appeared in the journal "Ha-Shiloach" and other publications in Hebrew, Asher Ginsberg was in constant contact with his people.

Later on, thanks to his capital, provided by K. Wissotzky, he founded the publishing company "Ashifsseff".

All the measures were taken to to awake in the soul of every Jew a clear sense of belonging, not to the people of the country in which he lived, but to the nation, Jewish, part of a separate nation, the only one to which all Jews are obliged to serve.

"There can be no nationalism without a nation, and may not be a nation without a national identity" - so says Asher Ginsberg, in his "Way of Life."

Jewish nation is "super-nation"

This basic principle, that claims there exists a Jewish nation in reality, gave rise to the doctrine that the Jewish nation is "super-nation", the people chosen by God, ascended very high, "above all other nations, not political might, but its spiritual power".

"The people representing the most perfect type of humanity, must always remain in the minority and in no manner can share their destiny with any other nation ...

"This nation will have dominion over all others ...

"And this nation is Israel, which, among other nations, is indeed the highest type of humanity ...

Israel will return the idea of "good" the same meaning it had before ...

These are the thoughts and theories that since 1889 breastfed the minds of Eastern Zhids and advocated at the eastern Zionists lodges.

They embody the teachings of "Ahad Gaamism".

The only thing left for us is to follow the results achieved during those thirty-five years that have elapsed since the origin of "Ahad Gaamism" in Odessa.

IV. Results

1. The first visible result is manifested in the very fact which Ginsberg craved for and what he expected: among the Oriental Jews the spirit of nationalism has been revived and their national fanaticism began to grow.

This trait separated the Oriental Jews of "Bne-Zion" from their Western European and American brothers, "B'nai B'rith": the latter wanted to take advantage they received from the rights of citizenship in the countries they inhabited, and, therefore, they did not dare to speak out loud about a unified Jewish nation and limited their efforts to only those that sought to get the territory to be colonized by "oppressed" Jews.

When in 1909 Herzl's efforts and negotiations to purchase Palestine finally led to a complete failure, the popularity and importance of this man among the Jews began to fall.

At the same time, Ahad Ha'am, on the contrary, thanks to millions of K. Wissotzky and J. Schiff [24] was almost sure that his plans are beginning to be implemented.

It was a time when both internal and external Russian Jews have caused this country the first serious blow: because in 1904 they, and nobody else caused the Japanese agression and they have used everything they could to simultaneously with the war ignite a revolution in the heart of the country [Russia] (1905).

Blow was not strong enough, and Russia held its ground, and Ginsberg experienced the utmost disappointment, but he had not lost any energy or persistence or hope for future success.

True, for the sake of this failed attempt, a certain number of Jewish lives had to be sacrificed, for the Russian correctly guessed a Jew guilty of their sufferings, and avenged him, but what it could mean for Ginsberg?

The Jewish masses, being hypnotized by their leaders for ages, have been conditioned to believe that they are being oppressed by Russians, while in fact the real villain had been their own chiefs, who, with their diabolical plans and actions themselves have prepared specific reasons for the impending massacres, and who then blatantly denied all the responsibility for them, declaring such a "manifesto":

"We were forced to sacrifice the masses of our people of Israel, but each of those killed on our side is worth thousands of lives of Gentiles in the God's eyes," (See "Protocol" # 2).

After the sudden (?) Herzl's death in 1904, Ginsberg, cleverly, supported by his followers, who became the same fanatics like himself, went on a frenzy to pursue both of his main goals:

1) To achieve supremacy of the "Eastern" Jews over the "Western" Jews;

2) To conquer Palestine for the Jews with the blood of "infidels".

Taking into account that, due to the resistance of Sultan, Herzl could not get Palestine by peaceful means, the Ahad-Haamist conspirators organized the first revolution in Turkey in 1908, and then the Balkan war of 1912, in both cases having to destroy the power that refused to sacrifice their possessions in favor of Jews.

And this time again, Ginsberg was defeated, which was a consequence of the intrigues of the Zionist "B'nai B'rith", opposing his plans.

And this time again no attention was drawn to the fact that countless lives had to be sacrificed for the implementation of a new attempt of the "prophet."

Yet this defeat became a lesson for Ginsberg, and for the rest of the Zionists.

They became aware of the fact that their failure occurred as a result of separation that existed between them since 1897.

They realized that only a strong union would help them get closer to the goal, which was common in both camps, but they went different ways.

Then the "political Zionism" of "B'nai B'rith" and "practical" Zionism or "spiritual" Zionism of "Bne-Zion" decided to join ... And Hertselists and Ahad-Haamists realized the need to merge into one common Zionism. Negotiations between the delegates of both parties have begun.

Tenth Basel Zionist Congress in 1911 was very stormy.

Ahad-Haamists were presented on it by Chaim Weizmann [25], Sacher [26] and other supporters of Ginsberg; their power was immediately felt - several reciprocal concessions were made to the leaders of both parties, and all the misunderstandings were more or less settled.

Wolfsonan, the official representative of Zionism, was stubborn in vain; the only advantage that he held over his opponents was that in the conduct of "political Zionism" the control "the Jewish National Fund" was preserved.

Two years later, at the 11th Zionist Congress, held in Vienna in 1913, Ahad Ha'am, personally appeared to enjoy the victory, which he won over his antagonists in 1897.

At this congress, the "political" Zionists of "B'nai B'rith" accepted the entire program of "practical" Zionism of the "Eastern Jews" of "Bne-Zion", and declared to be ready to help implement the plans outlined by the" Protocols ", which once had been rejected by Herzl.

Wolfson remained as a chairman of the Zionist organization, but apparently wishing to follow the example of Herzl's, soon after, in 1914, the year, as appropriately by the way, he also died.

Max Nordau, and other leaders of the "political" Zionism lost all their significance and impact; Ahad Ha'am and his creations took up all control of Zionism and determined its future course.

Jews of "B'nai B'rith", which Ahad Ha'am called "assimilated" Jews were forced to move to the second rank, and give place to the Eastern Jews, Russian, Romanian and Galician, which passed the "school" of Asher Ginsberg.

One of the reasons why the Western Jews in the majority were at a disadvantage, not knowing the Hebrew language, or knowing it on a superficial level, was the paramount importance, which was given to the knowledge of the language.

Zionism of "B'nai B'rith", or "Gertslerism", which was talked about, as of something "idyllic," has given way to those ugly, horrific realities, which preached "Ahad Haamism".

Crimes against humanity, in advance frivolous and intended by Ahad Ha'am, together with his faithful disciples, with the gracious approval of "Israel World Union" and the "Great East" should now be given in pursuance with the powerful support provided by "B'nai Brith" and all the Masonic lodges in Europe and America, from this point on could already been said with certainty that the plot has become global.

[2] Bringing to life the call made by Albert Cohen [27] in 1864, Zionism has used it as a mask under which it concealed its horrific plans.

In the eyes of the profane world, he humbly asked to give him the opportunity to establish a Jewish university in Palestine.

For the visibility, it would be hard to imagine a more innocent pretext, and it goes without saying that in this case, the Gentiles were once again duped and complacently caught in a trap set up for them.

In early 1917, the center of the Zionist organization was moved from London to America.

Interesting details about these questions are provided by Nahum Sokolov [28], and Jesse Zampter.

Incidentally, we learn that, after the Zionist conference held in London on February 7, 1917, in the house of Rabbi Gaster, [29] the following occurred:

"Given the enormous value represented by the question of Zionism for the governments of the Entente, Nahum Sokolov, was summoned by the French government in Paris", etc. ..

The Balfour Declaration, [30] is just as vile as it is ambiguous, imbued with the Zhid's spirit no less than the "Protocols": we can easily find reasons so confidently assert that since the Jews themselves say that it was written, read and edited by the English and American Zionist organizations.

No wonder that we see the name of asher Ginsberg as a head of the "political committee" formed in England in early 1917; becoming acquainted with the list of members of the "committee", we will be able to see that all the other members of it are are made up of the followers of his school.

During the war and after it, the whole world is lead by this gang of Zionist fanatics, of whom the most notable are: Chaim Weizmann, Gaster, Leon Simon, Joseph Klausner [31], members, Usyshkin [32], Levin [33], Nahum Sokolov.

All the people standing at the head of the governments of all nations, are nothing else but a weapon of Zionists, such as: Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, Millerand [34], Kayo [35], Clemenceau, Robert Lansing [36], and etc.

Among the Jews: Trotsky-Bronstein as their weapon, like Rufus Isaac [37], or Rothschild, Rathenau, Herbert Samuel [38], Louis Brandeis [39], Gompers [40], Bernard Baruch [41], Otto Kahn [42], Kerensky and Jacob Schiff.

And then - it remains for us to certify that ...

Palestine became in the end the prey of the Jews.

Translator's Note. Determined to put in the fourth edition of my published book "Ray of Light" including a printed translation of a leaflet by Mrs. Fry, I conceived the idea to provide the "Ray of Light" and the portrait of Ahad Ha'am, and secret leader of the Jewish people.

So I turned to some friends of mine living in London, asking them to get it and send me a picture of Asher Ginsberg.

I thought it is not difficult to get a photo of this, in any case, outstanding man, the undisputed leader and engine of the Zionist movement.

I recently received a disappointing response.

As far as the Ahad Ha'am himself, it has been communicated to me that about a year ago, shortly after the "Vieille France" ("Old France") published the revelations about him, he left England, where until time was staying, and disappeared completely [43] - Vinberg.

Reprinted with minor corrections according to the publication: "Ahad-Ham (Asher Ginsberg). Iudeyskiy Secret Chiefs. (Translation from French), Berlin, 1922.

Footnotes

[1] More detailed information about these and certain other persons not mentioned hereinafter referred to as footnotes, are presented in the previous issue of our newspaper.

[2] Menasseh ben Yisrael - Rabbi of Amsterdam.

Being on friendly terms with the leader of the English Revolution, Oliver Cromwell, sought once the decision to free settlement of Jews in England, deprived of this right in accordance with the edict of King Edward I of 1290. Due to the active work of Menasseh ben Yisrael, an open confession of Judaism in England was again resumed.

[3] Wessel Naftali Hertz - Jewish scholar and expert in the Hebrew language.

Lived in Germany and is one of the leaders of the Jewish movement "Haskalah".

[4] Ittsig Daniel (1723-1799) - Jewish financier.

Was employed by the Prussian King Friedrich II the Great as a court banker and owner of the Mint.

Helped him to finance the war with Prussia, the European countries and Russia.

At the same time headed the Prussian Jewish community in Germany.

[5] David Friedlander (1750-1834) - Jewish industrialist, owner of a silk factory in Berlin.

His religious views and actions were common in the Jewish milieu of Germany in the XIX and were then transferred to the U.S..

[6] Mayer Amschel (1744-1812) - Jewish financier, founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty.

[7] Adam Weishaupt (1748-1830) - Professor of the canonical and natural rights in Bavaria.

In 1776 he founded a secret Order of the Illuminati, that was extremely hostile to the Catholic Order of Jesuits.

For greater success of his business Weishaupt joined with other Masons and joined the Munich lodge "Theodore of Good Light."

After exposing the Illuminati by the Bavarian government in 1786, Weishaupt was deprived of his professorship and banished from Bavaria, which, however, did not stop him to then enter the service to the Duke of Saxe-Gotha (Germany). Despite temporary setbacks, the Illuminati had nevertheless, a significant influence on the French Revolution of 1789-1794.

[8] Reimarus Herman Samuel (1694-1768) - professor of Hebrew and mathematics at Hamburg. Author of numerous works on philosophy and natural history.

[9] Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781) - German playwright, art theorist and literary critic.

He was one of the leading representatives of the German Enlightenment.

Author of several pro-Jewish plays. A member of a Masonic lodge "Three gold roses."

[10] Nicolai, Christoph Friedrich (1733-1811) - German writer and publisher.

Collaborated with Lessing and Mendelssohn.

A member of the Order of the Illuminati. Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

[11] Dom Christian Wilhelm (1751-1820) - German statesman, historian and publicist.

Advocated the Jewish equality.

The author of an extensive "History of the Jewish people since the destruction of their own state."

[12] Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel Rickety (1749-1791) - Earl, an active worker of the French Revolution, a prominent Mason.

[13] David Lloyd George (1863-1945) - British Prime Minister in 1916-22 years.

[14] Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929) - French Prime Minister in 1906-09 and 1917-1920.

[15] Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) - U.S. President in 1913-21.

[16] Leon Bourgeois - Minister of Labor of France in 1919, one of the founders of the League of Nations - an international organization, the actual predecessor of the UN.

[17] Walter Rathenau (1867-1922) - Jewish financier.

In 1922 - German Foreign Minister.

In the same year was killed by members of the German Right organization, "The Consul."

[18] "Haskalah ("Enlightenment ") - Jewish movement in Western Europe, founded by M. Mendelson.

Advocated for political and social equality of the Jews.

[19] Abraham Geiger - German rabbi, founder and first rector of the Hebrew Academy of Science in Berlin.

[20] Frankel Zacharias - Bohemian rabbi, was chief rabbi of Dresden and head of the Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau (Germany).

[21] Sergei Alexandrovich Nilus (1862-1929) - Russian religious writer.

Graduated from Judicial department of Moscow University. In perfect master of three European languages.

The first one to publish in Russia the full text of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion."

Married to Ozerova Elena Alexandrovna - maid of honor of the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.

After the Bolshevik coup, twice, in 1924 and 1927 was subjected to imprisonment.

Died of a heart attack on 68-year life.

His wife was arrested in 1937 and died in the Kolyma camps in 1938

[22] Paderewski Ignacy (1860-1941) - Polish pianist and composer.

[23] Usyshkin Menachem Mendel (1863-1941) - a Zionist activist.

Before the October Revolution led a network of clandestine Zionist organizations from Odessa.

Worked as a secretary at the First Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897.

After 1917 moved to London and in 1923 became chairman of the "Jewish National Fund."

[24] Schiff, Jacob (Jacob), Henry (1847-1920) - Jewish banker, head of the powerful banking house Kuhn, Loeb & Co.

Donated large sums of money to overthrow the autocracy and revolution in Russia.

By his own admission, these amounts totaled $20 million, $12 million of them were sent before the 1st World War.

[25] Weizmann, Chaim (1874-1952) - one of the leaders of international Zionism and the first president of Israel.

In 1920-31 and 1935-46 led the "World Zionist Organization (WZO).

[26] Harry Sacher (1888-1971) - British Zionist student closest adviser and confidant of Weizmann.

[27] Albert Cohen - one of the founders together with Karl Netter, "The World Israeli Union" (1860).

[28] Sokolov, Nahum (1859-1936) - leader of the Zionist movement and Jewish writer.

During the years of 1931-1935 he headed the WZO.

The author of a two-volume "History of Zionism, 1600-1918."

[29] Moses, Gaster (1856-1939) - in the years of 1887-1918 spiritual leader of the British Sephardi community.

He also served as vice president of four Zionist Congresses and President "of the Zionist Federation of England."

[30] Balfour Declaration - a statement the British government on November 2, 1917 on consent to the establishment in Palestine of a "Jewish national home."

Named after the British foreign minister Arthur Balfour and the Zionists who signed the document.

[31] Joseph Gedaliah Klausner (1874-1958) - a Jewish historian and Zionist.

Professor of Jewish literature at the Hebrew University and president of the Academy of Hebrew in Palestine.

Succeeded Ahad Ha'am as editor of the journal "Ha-Shiloah.

[32] Chlenov Yehiel (1863-1918) - Russian Zionist leader.

Since 1911 he was vice-president of the WZO.

After the February revolution in Russia in early 1917, Chlenov presided over the Zionist conference in St. Petersburg.

[33] Levin Shmariahu (1867-1935) - Russian Zionist leader.

In 1906 he was elected a deputy of the first State Duma of Russia.

After the dissolution of the Duma moved to Berlin and in 1911 became a member of the Executive Committee of DCG.

[34] Millerand Alexander (1859-1943) - French President in 1920-1924.

[35] Joseph Caillaux - Minister of Finance and Prime Minister of France in 1911. At the end of the World War I created radical socialist party in France with the help of German money.

After the failed attempt of the revolution in France in 1918 was on a trial for subversion.

[36] Lansing, Robert - U.S. Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson.

[37] Reading Rufus Daniel Isaac (1860-1935) - a Jew, a British statesman and viceroy of India, the Marquis.

During the World War I helped the U.S. military participation against Germany.

[38] Samuel Herbert Louis (1870-1963) - Viscount, British statesman and the first British high commissioner in Palestine in the years of 1920-1925.

Became the first Jewish governor of Palestine since the time of Roman rule 2000 years before.

[39] Brandeis Louis (Ludwig) Debica (1856-1941) - Judge of the U.S. Supreme Court and the Zionist leader.

In 1920 he headed the U.S. delegation to the Zionist conference in London.

[40] Samuel Gompers (1850-1924) - a Jew, an American trade unionist.

Founder and first president of the "American Federation of Labor."

[41] Baruch, Bernard Mannes (1870-1965) - Jewish financier, has long been an economic adviser to several U.S. presidents.

[42] Kahn Otto Hermann (1867-1943) - Jewish banker.

Moving to U.S. from Germany became a partner and co-director of the banking house "Kuhn, Loeb & Co." of J. Schiff.

[43] In 1922, Ahad Ha'am, moved to Tel Aviv, where he lived quietly for 5 years before his death in 1927. Later, his picture was finally discovered.

Она напечатана It was printed in the previous issue of "REMEMBRANCE" - # 1 [26] in 1999.

The Problem of Authenticity of "the Protocols of Elders of Zion"

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